PSYCTC.org blog

Yesterday I caught up a wonderful former PhD student and spent a couple of hours, mostly on the floor, with her and her one year old son. We talked mainly about families, children, parenting and grandparenting. (Ooh, now I remember there was a time when for me that word “grandparenting” meant the ways in which people with experience and skills but without the increasingly onerous and formalised therapy trainings could be admitted to the registers of therapists. Lovely to be out of all that organisational strife, nastiness and internecine warfare now!)

But, as usual, I digress! At one point E asked me “So what are you doing these days? Is it mostly CORE?” I paused, then said, in feeble tones “Well, yes a lot of it is still CORE but I am trying to do more of other things” and realised that, despite my “What do I do?!” post back in September that I had again fluffed an opportunity to say more. That was also fluffing an opportunity that would have helped me as E knows me well and would have had wise things to say. Aarghh! Hence this post, perhaps a bit early to review 2024 with three weeks left but here I go.

So I had a think about 2024 and went back to that post which gave me these headings.

• CORE
• Politically critical stance
• Making tools available
• Methods, particularly psychometrics

So what have I done in 2024?

Disclaimer

Very little of this was done by me working alone and the number of people who have helped is too great to list here. I can only ever help and steer translations and all my papers this year were co-authored (as almost all my papers). The infrastructure work (see below) is mostly mine but that would be much harder without practical and intellectual support from UDLA (Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador) and from Professor Clara Paz there.

OK, to the headings.

CORE (https://www.coresystemtrust.org.uk/)

Earlier in the week I had tried to summarise my CORE work since 2022 in a “long overdue” post to the CORE update list (archive here, do sign up here if you are interested: never more than monthly posts). Looking at 2024 I think the key achievements are these.

• Almost all the 40 or so translations of the CORE-OM (and its short forms) and the YP-CORE are now on the CORE web site in nice PDFs (around 240 separate PDFs).
• I’ve kept the CORE site alive and developing (slower than I’d like but it is developing!) and it gets over 400 visits a day.
• I’ve resuscitated the update list twice (!) but only just restarted posting to it.
• New translations of the CORE-OM into Setswana and the YP-CORE into Swedish completed; Swahili & Dholuo translations of the CORE-OM and German translation of the YP-CORE underway.
• Shiny scoring apps created for the CSC classification of the YP-CORE and to score CORE-OM item data.
• Four peer-reviewed papers out about CORE in 2024 (see that CORE update post for details).

Yes there is that work around CORE and I am still hugely proud of CORE. However, narcissistically I’d be sorry to be remembered as “Oh, yes, didn’t he do things around CORE?” So …

Not CORE!

Well a huge amount of time has gone into this but so much of it has been infrastructure work. Most is on, or linked to, my non-CORE work site: https://www.psyctc.org/psyctc/. However, as it’s infrastructure it is hard to list simply quantifiable “impacts”. I plans emerging for how that will change in 2025.

Critical political stance

I have become clearer and clearer over recent years, but certainly through 2024, that we are doing devastating and often irreversible damage to our planet, that we are in an age of “enshittification” and what may be a terminal phase of capitalism. This has seen exploitation by the super wealthy and their corporations of the remaining 99% of the world’s population with a savage and often lethal impact on the poorest. In my research worlds I see a lot of “Lancet commissions” and other political hand wringing about aspects of this but I think they, and the wider research/academic publishing industry, are generally shoring up these horrors. I am chipping away at this in largely impotent ways partly by awareness of these issues in my writings, more usefully in my collaborations and partly by what I am making freely available: this next heading.

Making tools available

Well all the CORE instruments have always been copyleft and, as of 2015, formally located under the appropriate Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence. I’m hugely proud of that. Similarly, pretty much everything I put on the CORE and PSYCTC.org web sites is in the International (CC BY-ND 4.0) licence. (So you can reuse as much or as little of that, even commercially, whereas for the CORE instruments the conditions are that reproduction must not be just for profit and cannot involve any changes: that preserves comparability of findings.) In addition:

• My online glossary for our book (Evans & Carlyle (2021) Outcome measures and evaluation in counselling and psychotherapy. SAGE Publishing. https://ombook.psyctc.org/book/) is at 329 entries and continues to expand.
• My Rblog, which gives much more detailed expansion than the glossary of topics in psychometrics, therapy research, always with R code, is also continuing to expand. Have a look!
• As well as the two CORE specific shiny apps, there are other interactive apps here and their number, power, sophistication and their wider usefulness is increasing … at least, I hope so!
• For those who use the R system for their quantitative work my CECPfuns package of functions aimed particularly at supporting less geeky R users and people using R for therapy, mental health/well-being work has been expanding a bit again.

Methods and psychometrics

Nothing concrete out on this year other than things wrapped in the glossary, Rblog, shiny apps and CECPfuns package but I have managed to push forward with a lot of thinking and simulation work so a number of papers are, at last brewing up for submission in 2025 and Clara have a plan about how to keep me to task on this so it does at last start to deliver in that way.

Life outside of work

I do have a life beyond work, bits of that emerge in my non-work web site: https://www.psyctc.org/pelerinage2016/ and my blog there.

Post created 7.xii.24. Author CE & creator of the header image (“mer de nuages”, “sea of clouds” and Mont Blanc from Aime2000, France) CE; licence for text and image: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).

This post is jumping in front of one, perhaps several, about my, our, work trip to Latin America earlier this year.

This one arose because I met with some friends a couple of weeks ago who asked, as I am sure they have before, “What do you do?” Sadly, again as I am sure I did before, I completely failed to give a sensible, succinct answer. I think the follow up question was “Is it all about CORE?” to which I had said something like “Some of it, still rather more than I want I guess” but again I dodged.

This won’t do! What do I do?! Can I for once find a fairly short, comprehensible answer?

No, I’m not good at short and comprehensible for things I care about deeply. Hence this isn’t all that short but it’s not War and Peace. Stay with me please!

My friends are also ex-colleagues but clinical ex-colleagues from when I was working as a therapist, from my best period of clinical work. That was in Nottingham from around 2007 to 2014. They know that I stopped clinical work back in 2016 and know that I have an NHS pension and know that I don’t work for pay now. Finally they know that I still work well over a 40 hour week. Before we come to “what” do I do, let’s look at “why”. What motivates me?

Since 1995 I have said, that my interest has been:
“How do we know, or think we know, what we think we do?”
and that’s been true ever since. Technically I think I am a methodologist but that’s a bit of a technical term and fails to convey the passion I feel about this!

However, it is an accurate label: I work on the methods we use to try to understand more about humans and particularly the methods we use to try to learn more about psychosocial interventions for human distress and dysfunction.

I am particularly interested in “psychometrics”, another technical and dry sounding term. So, coming to what I do: I analyse data mostly but not all from questionnaires. However, I believe strongly that many of the methods we use to analyse such data are widely misused or oversold. So as well as using these methods I also work on our understanding of our methods.

Much of what I do in this area is about the CORE system. That is logical as I was a co-creator of the system and now the main maintainer of its web presence (here). I do also continue to do a very little work around some other measures: the MIS and CAM that I co-developed, the BSQ for which I developed short forms, and I watch what goes on with the SCORE, a measure of family state that again I had a hand in developing. Moving away from more conventional questionnaires, I also work a bit with data from PSYCHLOPS which I helped with in its early stages (but didn’t design) and with data from repertory grids and other idiographic (i.e. purely personal) data collection tools (see the rigorous idiography bit of this site).

But back to this:
“How do we know, or think we know, what we think we do?”

Writing this I realise that I am always trying both to distil out useful findings from such data and to improve our data analytic methods. I do want to have my cake and eat it!

Writing this I realised that there’s always another thread: I want the work to be politically aware. That has changed and developed over the 40+ years I’ve been doing this: at first a critical political concern was there but I was mostly seduced by the excitements of getting data, of sometimes having clear findings but also of learning about increasing diversity and increasing sophistication of the analytic methods. There was too much methodolatry in my work. I saw the methods, particularly statistical, quantitative methods as much more capable of telling us what we should think than they actually are and it stopped me really thinking critically both about the methods and about how they are embedded in power structures, economic differentials, inequities and politics.

How did I get here: personal background

I am the child of a language teacher and a history teacher. The history teacher, my father, moved fairly early in his career from direct teaching to teaching teachers. I think five things came from that heritage.

1. A reverence for knowledge, any knowledge, though also for thinking critically.
2. An awareness of both language and history as vital aspects of any knowledge.
3. An interest in how things are learned, how they are taught and the whole meta-level of how we teach teaching, learn to teach, learn to promote learning.
4. An adolescent rebellion that my parents (and my two younger sisters) lived unequivocally in the arts so I would live in maths and “hard sciences”!

However, as I went through eight or so years of medical training and developing, largely self-taught, a fascination with statistical methods I was also, largely without realising it, looping back towards languages and histories. I am sure that brought me to psychiatry and psychotherapy. The rebellion and my loop back were caught beautifully at my interview for the group analytic training when the question I was asked almost before I sat down, by someone looking at my CV,was “Do you think hard science is a phallic metaphor?” I managed not to fall off the chair, took a couple of deep breaths and then almost burst out laughing as the wisdom of the question flooded over me. From there the interview was pretty much a pleasure as I remember it.

So my adolescent rebellion has continued, pretty gently, for another 30 years but I try to weave qualitative and quantitative.

The heritage of my mother’s love of languages meant that from my first use of questionnaires, I was interested in what happens as we move them across languages and cultures. Though I only speak English, poor French and write middling competent work in R, I have co-led over 35 translations of the CORE-OM, the self-report questionnaire for adults and rather fewer translations of the YP-CORE, the 10 item questionnaire for young people (roughly 11 to 20 year olds) and been involved in a few other measure translations. I am still, much of most weeks, working on data from the translation work and writing papers out of that.

However, that work across languages and across cultures has developed the political side and my awareness of the methodolatry and how so much in our field is oversold, and how we are encouraged to frame what we do and find as certain, as revealing clear and simple answers. I now see most of that as pretty illogical and work on the logic issues. Increasingly I also see it is shoring up economic and political systems that are deeply inequitable, dehumanising and destructive.

So what do I do?!

• I still crunch datasets almost all of them arising from voluntary, very low cost, collaborative work with lovely people in many countries.
• As I don’t have to work for money (thank you pensions) I have the wonderful liberty that I pretty much only work with people I like: people who are not just out for themselves, people who see this work as a relationship not just a contract.
• Whenever I can, I try to ensure our publications don’t overclaim.
• I try to make sure the papers raise questions about the methods we used.
• Sometimes, sadly too rarely, I can write quite polemically about the problems of the methods and the politics behind modern healthcare and higher education, the problems of our societies and politics.
• Sometimes, I hope increasingly, I use simulations and thought experiments to criticise but also to develop our methods.
• Sometimes, but rarely, the work has a qualitative and/or a systemic, cultural, sociological, anthropological theme or themes.
• As well as doing work that ends in papers in the modern academic systems of journals I try, increasingly to create other outputs:
  • Web pages of free resources and information that can be a bit more challenging to prevailing orthodoxies than papers or which makes information and methods available to anyone and for as near zero cost to them as possible:
  • A glossary complementing the OMbook (“Outcome Measures and Evaluation in Counselling and Psychotherapy“) that Jo-anne & I wrote about measuring change.
  • My pages (“Rblog“) using R to explain things in more detail than I do in the glossary.
  • Interactive online tools (shiny apps) that people can use.
• A package of R functions that can help people who are not statisticians, not R gurus, use R (a free, open source software system largely for crunching data, including text data).
• I try as in this post, and sometimes bridging across to my personal web pages, to locate this as my thinking but as open thinking, always owing 90-99% to others, sometimes others from centuries ago, sometimes others from very different cultures who spoke and wrote in other languages: that in the “human sciences”, in exploring psychosocial interventions for with, by, from people in distress, perhaps alienated from others, we only have woven understandings, no reductive simplicities or false certainties.

So that’s what I do! Not short but as clear as I could make it.

If you want to get updates, never more than monthly, on what I’m doing you have three options: sign up to one or more of these lists!

• Updates on my non-CORE work (things on this site, my Rblog, my Shiny apps and R package).
• Updates on CORE work I am doing (always with others, many others).
• Updates on my personal/family life (i.e. on my personal website: https://www.psyctc.org/pelerinage2016/).

Copyright and formalities

Created 12/9/24 text by CE licensed under the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Images a mix of mine and ones I am sure I can use but contact me if you want to use them so you can get the correct attributions.

I see my last post here was pretty much a month ago (33 days in fact!) That’s probably the rhythm I would always have liked to have achieved but mostly I’m either working too hard on things with deadlines to put time into posts, or else I feel there’s nothing very interesting to say!

So, I certainly have been busy and a few papers are finally getting submitted or resubmitted. I returned to the UK from my Alpine eyrie on the 24th and I have a work trip to Latin America looming. That’s to Ecuador, Chile and perhaps Costa Rica and starts at the end of May. Still a lot to prepare for that. Between now and then I will also be scuttling around the UK but that’s family and social rather than work!

Sadly the timing means that I won’t overlap with my old friend, Gregory Hadley who is over in the UK from his home in Japan. He and I were very early internet collaborators when we got some work done purely by Email. That resulted in a chapter: Hadley, G., & Evans, C. (2001). Constructions across a Culture Gap. In Action Research (pp. 129–143). TESOL Inc. For me the collaboration also definitely expanded my thinking about culture, language and how learning and teaching work. We didn’t actually meet in 3D until much later and Gregory has since become a real expert on Grounded Theory. While he’s over here he’s running a course on GT:

I really recommend it not only because he is a real expert but also because I know how profoundly he has thought about teaching and learning. If you can get to it you will get a first class experience.

Meanwhile, here’s a summary of new things on this site.

The online glossary started for the OMbook has gone up from 266 to 294 entries so I am pretty close to adding one a day. Recent additions have been pretty diverse: the EQ-5D-5L, health economics; transforming including standardising/normalising, t-scores and z-scores; entries on validity: concurrent, divergent/discriminant and predictive; the Crown-Crisp Experiential Inventory (CCEI); linear regression, intercept and slope; attenuation by unreliability; and things like scoring (sounds simple but …) and what an RDBMS is (and why it might matter).

In the Rblog I see that one on issues with convergent validity which expands on the glossary entry was actually created just before the last post here but I mention it as I think it’s one the more import posts there. The only changes have been tweaks and improvements to some entries, particularly the one on creating a shiny server.

Which brings me to the shiny server. Progress has been slow and the only new app is one that computes all the scores from CORE-OM item data. That’s working and has had a bit of external testing. It assumes that the data are being submitted in the form of the Excel spreadsheet I created back in cv-19 lockdown for practitioners suddenly using the CORE-OM online and using it via Micro$oft forms. That spreadsheet did compute scores but a researcher reported that it wasn’t working for him and he’s quite correct. I puzzled as it definitely did work and I’d like to blame some failure of backwards compatibility in M$oft Ugcell but that’s probably unfair. Anyway, rather the fix a spreadsheet that I hate and that clearly no-one is using it spurred me to create the scoring app. As well as the correctly pro-rated domain and full scale scores for the CORE-OM it also gives you the CORE-6D health utility scoring and all the scores for the embedded items of the adult short forms: CORE-SF/A, CORE-SF/B, CORE-10 and GP-CORE in case you might be using one of them between CORE-OM completions. In itself this app isn’t a particularly great step forward but the important thing is that it is a prototype, with work I’ve been doing on the shiny code for uploading and pasting in data. Putting those together I can now create a bunch of apps for scoring CORE measure data submitted in various formats. That’s something I’ve wanted for years and should , I hope, be useful for practitioners not affording and using any of the (often excellent) systems for inputting and analysing CORE and other questionnaire data.

That’s it for now. Next update from somewhere ikn Latin America I suspect/hope!

Created 28.iv.24, author CE & header image (clouds on Mont Blanc from Aime, just before I returned to the UK) CE; licence for text and image: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).

Back in 2002, with two colleagues, I published a paper:

Evans, C., Hughes, J., & Houston, J. (2002). Significance testing the validity of ideographic methods: A little derangement goes a long way. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 55(2), 385–390. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711002760554525.

Contact me if you’d like a copy!

In the paper we used a bit of old maths to show a simple way of validating idiographic/ideographic data. The data in question were principal component plots of person repertory grids created by six patients in a prison psychotherapy group (who gave permission for this). These plots are completely personal to each individual. They depend on the elements the patients chose for the roles in the grid (e.g. victim, brother, boss, ideal self) and the constructs on which they chose to rate them, (e.g. aggressive, caring, selfish) and the ratings they gave each element.

Those principal component plots represent the best two dimensional plot of all the ratings for each grid. Julia (Houston) had asked the two therapists if they could map the six plots back to the patients. As we said in the paper:
Both therapists matched four of the six pre-therapy grids successfully; one therapist matched all six post-therapy grids and the other matched three of the six. We sought to assess the probabilities that these matchings might have been achieved by chance alone. This paper reports the logic which shows that this probability was lower than a conventional criterion of significance ( p < 0.05) where four or six grids were matched correctly.

This is a completely general method, the steps are:

• Take the data, the idiographic information you have from n individuals (n >= 4)
• Shuffle the data
• Present them to someone who knows the people who created the data
• Ask judge to match data to people
• The score is the number of correct matches
• If the score is 4 or more, regardless of n, the chances of this being achieved by chance matching alone is p < .05, i.e. statistically significant at the usual criterion for that.

Here’s the same in slightly tongue in cheek cartoon format.

Steps 1 and 2

Step 3

Steps 4 and 5

In the cartoon example the only thing that distinguishes the six sets of idiographic data is actually their colour (yes, this is not a very serious example). The judge successfully mapped four of the six which has probability (that they would score four or even better by chance alone) of p = .022 (see lookup table at https://www.psyctc.org/psyctc/root/stats/derangements-lookup-table/).

That is clearly less than .05 so it meets the conventional criterion of “statistical significance”, i.e. by that convention we reject the null hypothesis that no information is contained in the data and accept the alternative that, though the data were idiographic, and the way the judge did the mapping may have been unique to that one judge and their particular knowledge of the six people (i.e. an idiographic judgement on idiographic data), it has some validity.

To most of us who are neither mathematicians nor statisticians it may seem utterly counter-intuitive that regardless of the number of objects a score of four or more is always good enough for p < .05. Perhaps it’s so counter-intuitive perhaps that we switch off our own judgement and either decide that the method was published in a good peer-reviewed journal and so must be correct (it is!), or simply believe it cannot be correct.

However, it’s not as counter-intuitive as it may first seem: as the n goes up the number of ways of mapping just four of them correctly does go up rapidly as this table shows.

Number of ways of getting four correct from n objects

However, the total number of ways of permuting the n is also rocketing up and faster:

Total number of ways of permuting n objects

The two accelerations pretty much cancel out and so keep the probability of getting four or more correct by chance alone below .05 for any n as shown below.

Significance of scoring four or more

This shows how the p value for various scores (on the y axis) stabilises as the number of objects, n, goes up (x axis).

Here’s the same data but with the p values on a log10 scale on the y axis.

Created 24.i.22

I did a peer review of a paper recently and met an old chestnut: that the inter-rater agreement reported was good because the simple agreement rates were “good”. This is nonsense and that has been written about for probably a century and alternative ways summarising agreement rates have been around for a long time. Jacob Cohen invented his “chance corrected” “coefficient of agreement for nominal scales”, kappa in 1960 (Cohen, 1960). That made me think it might be useful to have a blog post here, perhaps actually several, linking with demonstrations of the issues in my “R SAFAQ” (Self-Answered Frequently (self) Asked Questions” (a.k.a. Rblog).

Background

The issue is very simple: if the thing that is rated is not around 50:50 in the ratings, then agreement even by chance is going to be high. Let’s say two raters are asked to rate a series of photos of facial expressions for the presence of “quizzically raised eyebrows” and the rate of photos that look even remotely quizzical they are given is only 10% and let’s suppose they are told that the rate is about 10% and use that information.

Now if they have absolutely no agreement, i.e. only chance agreement about what constitutes a “quizzically raised eyebrow” they may well still each rate about 90%. In that case by chance alone rater B will rate as quizzical 10% of the photos that rater A rated as quizzical: rate of agreement 10% * 10% = one in a hundred, 1% agreement. However, rater B will rate as not quizzical 90% of the 90% of photos that rater A rated as not quizzical: rate of agreement 90% * 90% = 81%. So their raw agreement rate is 82% which sounds pretty good until we realise that it arose by pure chance. Here’s an aesthetically horrible table of that for n = 100 and the perfect chance level of agreement. (In real life, sampling vagaries mean it wouldn’t be quite as neat as this but it wouldn’t be far off this.)

That’s why Cohen invented his kappa as a “chance corrected” coefficient of agreement. It actually covers ratings with any number of categories, not just binary “quizzical/not-quizzical” and there are arguments that it’s an imperfect way to handle things but it is easy to compute (look it up, the wikipedia entry, as so often for stats, takes some beating). Pretty much any statistics package or system will compute it for you and there are online calculators that will do it too (https://idostatistics.com/cohen-kappa-free-calculator/#calcolobox, https://www.statology.org/cohens-kappa-calculator/ and https://labplantvirol.com/kappa/online/calculator.html were the first three that gurgle found for me, the last has some advantages over the first two.)

The arguments against it are sound by fairly fine print and it’s orders of magnitude better than raw agreement. Kappa for the chance agreement in that table is zero, as it should be.

See it for different rates of the rated quality from R

This plot illustrates the issue pretty clearly. The x axis has the prevalence of the quality rated (assuming both raters agree that). The red line shows that raw agreement does drop to .5, i.e. random, 50/50 agreement, where the prevalence is 50% but that it rises to near 1, i.e. to near perfect agreement, as prevalence tends to zero or 100%. By contrast, and as a sensible agreement index should, kappa remains on or near zero across all prevalence rates.

See my “Rblog” or “R SAFAQ entry about this for more detail and plots.

References

Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46.

Created 19.x.21

This comes out of receiving intermittent requests at my CORE site for “the graph with the colours” or “the graph with the levels” and for “the scoring levels”, most recently for the GP-CORE and the LD-CORE. I always explain that I don’t provide these. I’m posting about the issue here not on the CORE site as the issues are general.

People are looking for things like this:

Or this:

The first was a second page of early YP-CORE forms, the other is from Connell, J., & Barkham, M. (2007). CORE-10 User Manual, Version 1.1. CORE System Trust & CORE Information Management Systems Ltd. I think I’m within my rights to post both here as a CST trustee, however I wasn’t involved in creating either of them (as will become clear!)

They’re obviously appealing so why am I against them? It’s partly because I understand ways that we can dichotomise scores by defining cutting scores that separate “clinical” from “non-clinical” scores. There are a number of ways of doing this but the CORE approach has always been the Jacobson et al. “Clinically Significant Change (CSC)” method c. There are arguments for other methods but that is fairly easy to understand.

Part of my problem is that I have no idea how we can establish four other cutting points to get a six level (“sexotomy”?) of the possible scores. In the manual Connell and Barkham say:

“A score of 10 or below denotes a score within the non-clinical range and of 11 or above within the clinical range. Within the non-clinical range we have identified two bands called ‘healthy’ and ‘low’ level distress. People may score on a number of items at any particular time but still remain ‘healthy’. Similarly, people may score in the ‘low’ range which might be a result of raised pressures or particular circumstances but which is still within a non-clinical range. Within the clinical range we have identified the score of 11 as the lower boundary of the ‘mild’ level, 15 for the ‘moderate’ level, and 20 for the ‘moderate-to-severe’ level. A score of 25 or over marks the ‘severe’ level.”

Connell & Barkham, 2007, p.10.

I like the honesty of “we have identified” but I can find nothing in the manual to say how those cutting points were identified.

So what’s going on here? I am becoming uneasy just to explain to people that I don’t provide such levels or those graphs as I suspect the cutting points are essentially aribtrary. I think it’s time to wonder why they appeal, why do authors and publishers of measures provide them (it’s not just CORE, many other measures do this too).

I think one useful answer is that, like “clinical/non-clinical” cutting points they paper over a general unease about what we’re doing with these numbers. They appear to answer the question: what do these scores mean? What do they mean?

Well of they’re just the numbers we create from whatever scoring system the measure uses to convert the response choices the person completing the measure chose. However that doesn’t answer what they “mean”.

We could start by asking what the person completing the measure meant them to mean: did that person know the number they were creating? For some measures (most but not quite all CORE measures) the person may be able to see the numbers allocated to the answer options. For fewer measures (most but not quite all CORE measures on paper) the person may be able to see the actual scoring system at the end of the measure so it’s possible that some people consciously create their score. The person may mean us to see a score of 1.3. However, I suspect that’s very rare. I suspect it’s commoner that someone might calculate their own score and increasingly app or online presentations of measures may do this automatically so the person completing the measure may see a score, say 1.4. Depending on the system they might or might not then be able to go back and change their score. The CORE-bots are one example of a systme that shares the scores with the person completing the measure, however providing scores is probably becoming the norm. (No, not these CoreBots, these CORE-bots!)

Even if the person creating the score knew their score, even in the very exceptional situation (usually forensic?) in which they knowingly created the score they wanted, is this a communication of a number in one mind to a number in another mind? Are we nearer to what the score “means” to someone seeing it other than the person who created it.

I am going to side step the increasingly common situation in which there is no receiving mind: where the number just goes into a database with no wetware processing, no other mind giving it attention within the someone receiving it. I am also going to sidestep my own situation in which I receive scores. 99.999% of the scores I receive I do as a data processor. Most often, and for good data protection/ confidentiality reasons, I have no idea who chose the answers they did, who created the item numbers they did and hence the score.

The requests I get for those empty graphs, for “the levels” are I think all coming from settings in which there is a receiving mind who has some relationship with the person who created the scores. Why am I opposed to giving them levels or nice empty graphs like the ones above?

I entirely approve of graphing someone’s scores against time: that is one way of putting meaning on the scores and would love to provide ways people could do that easily and approve of the many systems that do provide that. To me such graphing retains the simple numbers but for most of us converting the numbers to points on a graph makes it easier for to process change. If I am shown 1.6, 0.9, 1, 1.2, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 2.8, 2, 1.2, 1.1, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 2, 1.5 I don’t find it has much “meaning” even if I know these are “clinical” scores on the CORE-10, i.e. the total of the item scores, each 0 to 4 across the ten items. However, that little run of numbers can create this.

All that’s happened there is that numbers have been converted into distances with two additions: there is a red reference line and the subtitle tells me that the line marks the score of 15 which was the 90th centile of scores from a set of 197 people, i.e. the score that as nearly as possible given the 197 baseline scores, has 90% of the 197 scoring below it and 10% scoring above it. Now these numbers take on meaning for me and it seems to me that this person’s scores start fairly high for the group (volunteers in a support service during the early stages of the covid pandemic). Her/his scores vary to week 7 but have dropped markedy then they rocket up … you read on.

For me this is reading meaning into the numbers: I can explain it, to me it’s plausible and if you don’t think it’s plausible you are completely at liberty to disagree with the mapping and read your own meaning into the data.

I entirely agree with the wish to do something with questionnaire score numbers that we hope will help us interpret, understand, the numbers. That’s what I try to do all the time with statistics or graphs or both. I just don’t agree with converting the scores to words like “mild”, “moderate” or “severe” as for me there must always be a logic to the conversion and one that I think I understand and that I can try to explain.

I use “painting by numbers” provocatively. You could argue that converting a number to a colour is as logical as converting it to a distance. However, our visual system means it really isn’t the same. Here are those numbers as colours.

Even without the problem that about 10% of the male population who have red/green colour blindness won’t see what those of us with normal colour vision see there, it’s simply not interpretable as the earlier plot was. Had I given a colour gradient fill behind the first plot I would have simply added an implication, perhaps “safe” versus “dangerous”, actually, I would have added words even without using them.

That’s my real objection to these levels: converting numbers to words, “mild” and “severe” for example, or just giving numbers colours from green to red is covertly forcing a set of meanings onto the numbers. I understand the urge, I just think it’s trying to reassure us that the numbers are as simple as that suggests. I believe they’re not.

Hm, I can see that this post actually follows on from my last about “blended and layered” research. I can see now that it leads into some others, here and on my CORE site, which are brewing, and these are issues that Jo-anne (Carlyle) and I develop in our book which is coming out through SAGE any day now we are told.

The glorious daily Wikipedia feed introduced me to Daniel J. Boorstin, well, he died in 2004 so sadly we didn’t get to have a drink together; however, it did learn of his glorious comment “I write to discover what I think. After all, the bars aren’t open that early.” Genius! (If you’re not a genius, quote the people who are or were!!)

Warm acknowledgements

The data behind the graphs come from an excellent piece of work in Ecuador in which late trainee and qualified psychologists volunteered to provide telephone support to families struggling with deaths and other direct effects of coronavirus and/or with the lockdown. Dr. Clara Paz’s university UDLA, hm, my university now as ever seemed to get things right and go beyond the minimum and encouraged the volunteers to fill in the CORE-10 weekly and scores were shared with their supervisors to put meaning on changes like those in the graph above. There is more about the study in this post in the Spanish CORE subsite (and hence in Spanish!) and the article about the work. 

Oh, and the headline image is of sun rising here this morning: that’s just glorious colour!

Created 11.ix.21.

Yesterday I went, virtually, to Malta to the 8th conference of Qualitative Research in Mental Health, QRMH8 to its loyal friends. I was there because Professor Avdi, from Aristotle University in Thessaloniki gave a presentation of the work she and I did for the paper in the title of this post: Avdi, E., & Evans, C. (2020). Exploring Conversational and Physiological Aspects of Psychotherapy Talk. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 591124. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591124. (Open access at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591124/full.)

I’m very proud of that paper as it was a genuine attempt to try to do more than a “mixed methods” piece of work, i.e. a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. The paper came out of work Evrinomy had done within the Relational Mind research project which was a Finnish led collaborative project using both qualitative and quantitative methods to explore that title: minds in relationship and perhaps constitute by relationships. I’ve been following their qualitative work, and, intermittently, the QRMH conferences, for some years now and Evrinomy and I have know each other for many years, starting with the Greek translation of the CORE-OM co-led by myself and Dr. Damaskinidou: a good friend to both of us who introduced us through that work.

Evrinomy approached me some years back, 2015 or 2016 perhaps as I think I was still in clinical work. At that point she was asking my views on the work she was doing with colleagues in Thessaloniki trying to link the physiological arousal indicators with the processes in couple and individual therapies in which therapists and clients wore heart and respiratory rate recorders. That led to me not being terribly useful to a very tolerant PhD student supervised by Evrinomy, Anna Mylona on work she was doing linking “rupture” classification of the transcripts from 2018 to 2020 and that led, in turn to this paper that Evrinomy and I got done last year.

While Evrinomy, with I think some genuinely useful input from me worked up a fascinating conversation analytic (CA) unpicking of the session, we, well probably I is more accurate, worked through a series of quantitative tools to look at the changes in ASV, the arousal measure, through the session we were dissecting. I taught myself a lot about time series analyses and got to understand PDC: partially directed coherence analysis which had been a method her Thessaloniki colleagues (from neurophysiology) had advocated. In the end we agreed only to use very simple plots of the data against the eight “Topical Episodes” (TEs) that emerged from the CA. That led to plots like these. (Click on them to get the full plot.)

If you’re interested to read more, particularly the excerpts and CA, do look at the paper. As an example of truly blended, rather than simply mixed, research it’s not sophisticated but what I think did emerge was what happens when a largely qualitative researcher (Evrinomy is seriously experienced and skilled) and a quant geek like myself, but who both share a clinical background try to complement each other. It’s not particularly clear in the paper (it’s big and quite dense as it is!) but we each learned a lot about blending.

Three simple methodological things emerged for me:
1. one huge strength of statistical quantitative research is the ability to formulate “objective” tests to tell us whether we appear to have non-random things in our data;
2. however, very often the purity of those models is not really a good model of how the actual data arose and sometimes “descriptive, exploratory and ‘estimating'” statistical methods may be more robustly useful;
3. if your methods are so sophisticated, complex and unfamiliar that practitioners will be essentially reduced to the role of audience at a display of magic we have an odd relational mind relationship being created between researchers/authors, readers (practitioners) and the data.

#2 was clearly the case for our data and a lot of the sophisticated things I had hoped might be useful were clearly stretching the relationship between data and model and others, to me the PDC method, fell into that “this is magical” #3 so we ended up with very simple plot methods but tried to keep a genuine blending of quantitative and qualitative data.

Perhaps more interestingly and importantly, this pushed us into a lot of thinking about the fact that methodological issues like those, or any of the many qualitative methodological choices, actually sit on top of epistemological choices. (Quick acknowledgement to Dr. Edith Steffen now in Plymouth who, when we overlapped in the Univesity of Roehampton, challenged me to take epistemology seriously despite the brain ache that causes me!)

There is an odd polarisation that goes with the general qual/quant polarisation in research about minds: qualitative papers almost always have some statement of epistemological position and, largely implicitly, locate that in the mind of the author(s) exposing it for consideration by the readers; by contrast, epistemological position statements are hardly ever seen in quantitative papers. This has the effect of leaving the reader of quant papers to assume the paper isn’t arising from an authorial mind or minds, but in some abstract “reality”: in fact the papers claim truth value in what seems to me to be a completely untenable “empirical positivist” position. I’m left wondering if we could blend our methods so much more usefully if started to insist that all papers have at least a one line statement of epistemological position. I’m trying to make sure I put mine into all my papers now and to insist that authors should put that into their work when I’m peer reviewing. I think it’s going to be a long time before this might become a norm and don’t think we’ll tap the real power of genuinely blended method instead of often very tokenistic mixed methods.

Onwards! Oh, here’s a souvenir from my only non-virtual visit to Malta, in 2018.

I do like the blending of languages and a clear plot of the message! Malta is a fascinating place. Perhaps I’ll get round to doing the intended second blog post in my personal blog that was supposed to complement the first, rather negative one. If you’re wondering about the choice of header image: it’s a recent image from the terrace outside my current workplace and I thought the juxtaposition of the moutains through atmospheric haze and the 1970 brutalist balcony and wooden fences had something of the flavour of blending qual and quant! For more on living there you might try “Squatting (with my coffee)“!

Created 14.iv.21

Oh dear, about 16 months since I last posted here. Still I hope that featured image above gives a sense of spring arriving! I guess some of those months have been pretty affected by the coronavirus pandemic. There’s a little bit more about how that impacted on me and how I spent a lot of those months high up in the Alps, very protected from cv-19. During this time I have been working very hard and been fairly successful getting papers I like accepted (see publication list and CV)

In the last month I have protected some work time away from Emails, data crunching and paper writing and come back to web things. That has resulted in:

1. My SAFAQ or Rblog. This is a set of Self-Answered Frequently Answered Questions (hence SAFAQ) and is the best way I have found to present how I use R and allows me to do that in a way that I can’t here in WordPress.

That is quite closely linked with:

2. The CECPfuns R package. R (r-project.org)is a brilliant, open source, completely free system for statistical computation than runs on pretty much any Linux, on Macs and on Windows. It is partly made up of packages of functions and I have written one that I hope will grow into a useful resource for people wanting to use R for therapy and psychology work but wanting a fairly “newbie friendly” rather than R geeky hand with that. It complements the SAFAQ/Rblog. cecpfuns.psyctc.org is a web site built out of the package documentation and all the geeky details are at github.com/cpsyctc/CECPfuns.

Those are both developing quite fast with the latter getting updates daily, sometimes more often, and the former getting new items more often than once a week. I suspect that now I have announced them here, I may do intermittent posts here that just give an update about one or both of those and they will get to be linked more into pages here. There are two more key developments coming up:

3. My own shiny server here that will provide online apps for data analysis and providing explanations of analytic tools.
4. A book “Outcome Measures and Evaluation in Counselling and Psychotherapy” written with my better half, Jo-anne Carlyle, that should be coming out through SAGE in late November (and they have just sent us the first proofs exactly to their schedule so perhaps I should start believing that it will come out then.) That is aimed at demystifying that huge topic area and, we hope, making it easier for practitioners both to understand, and critique, it, and to start doing it. That will lean heavily on SAFAQ pages and the apps on the shiny server.

And now, in radical contrast to the featured/header image, something completely different:

That’s sitting on my desk, about the size of a small book. It’s a local version of the system that, I hope, will host the shiny server!